Nestled in the heart of the ancient city of Cusco, the Main Square, or Plaza de Armas, is a vibrant testament to the region’s rich tapestry of history and culture. As one of the most significant public spaces in Peru, it serves as a meeting point for locals and a must-visit destination for travelers. This blog post explores the multifaceted history, contemporary significance, and overall charm of Cusco’s iconic Main Square.
Brief History of the Cusco Main Square
At the time of the Inca Empire’s rise, the area where the Plaza de Armas now sits was originally a swamp. During the reign of the Inca emperor Pachacuti, it was decided to drain the swamp and fill it with sand transported from the coastal regions. This ambitious engineering project created what became the empire’s most important ceremonial space.
The Incas called this plaza “Huacaypata” or “Hucaypata,” meaning “The Weeping Plaza” in Quechua. It was the main square and was used for major religious ceremonies, military parades, and social gatherings, including the famous Inti Raymi festival. The plaza was also divided into two sectors: “Hucaypata” (Weeping Plaza) and “Cusipata” (Happy Plaza), the latter of which is now known as Plaza Regocijo.
An important feature of this area was the Saphi River, which once flowed openly between the two sections of the plaza. During colonial times, the Spanish covered the river, but it still runs beneath the modern-day plaza.
When the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the 1530s, they modified the space dramatically. They constructed colonial churches and mansions over Inca foundations, including the imposing Cusco Cathedral and the Church of La Compañía de Jesús. Over time, the plaza evolved into the heart of Spanish colonial Cusco while retaining its significance as the historical and cultural center of the city.
Today, the Plaza de Armas of Cusco is a symbol of the city’s layered history, where Inca and Spanish legacies coexist.
The True Name of Cusco Main Square
According to archaeologists and anthropologists, the main square of Cusco was originally known as Huacaypata (or Wakaypata), a Quechua term that most commonly translates to “The Weeping Plaza” or “The Place of Tears.” This name is believed to reflect the solemn and ceremonial purposes the plaza served during Inca times, hosting rituals, offerings, and important gatherings.
However, the plaza was also historically divided into two distinct areas. The second name often mentioned is Cusipata, which means “The Happy Plaza” or “Place of Joy.” While Huacaypata was used for more formal and religious ceremonies, Cusipata was believed to be where celebratory activities and feasts took place. Today, this area is better known as Plaza Regocijo.
These two names — Huacaypata and Cusipata — represent the dual nature of the space during the Inca era: a place for both reverence and celebration. Over time, as the Spanish arrived and reshaped the city, the combined area came to be known as the Plaza de Armas of Cusco, a common Spanish term for central squares in colonial cities.
The Plaza in Contemporary Times
Today, Plaza de Armas is a bustling area filled with restaurants, shops, hotels, and tour agencies. Despite modern influences, the square has retained its charm and historical significance. Street performers, parades, and cultural events are common, making it an exciting place to experience Cusco’s living culture.
Cusco Main Square During the Spanish Conquest
At the time of the Spanish arrival in 1533, the Cusco Main Square was already the ceremonial and political heart of the Inca Empire. It was a vast, open space divided by the Saphy River, with Huacaypata and Cusipata marking its two distinct halves. The Incas used this grand plaza for important religious rituals, military parades, and festivities.
However, following the Spanish conquest led by Francisco Pizarro, the function and appearance of the plaza were drastically transformed. The Spaniards quickly recognized its strategic and symbolic importance. They demolished several significant Inca structures surrounding the square, such as temples and royal palaces, and replaced them with colonial-style buildings. Among the most notable changes was the construction of Cusco Cathedral (built on top of the palace of the Inca ruler Viracocha) and Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús, both of which still dominate the square today.
The plaza became a center of Spanish colonial administration, Catholic evangelization, and military control. It was also used as a site for public executions, trials, and proclamations, turning it into a stage for imposing Spanish rule on the indigenous population.
This shift from a sacred Inca space to a symbol of Spanish authority marked the beginning of Cusco’s transformation from the capital of Tawantinsuyo to a colonial city under Spanish rule.
The Execution of Tupac Amaru II on Cusco Main Square
One of the most poignant events in the plaza’s history was the execution of Tupac Amaru II in 1781. As a leader of an indigenous uprising against Spanish oppression, his death marked a turning point in the struggle for indigenous rights in Peru. Today, the plaza serves as a reminder of this significant historical figure and the ongoing dialogue about justice and equality.
The Cusco Main Square Today
Today, the Main Square of Cusco is the vibrant heart of the city, blending its rich Inca and colonial past with the modern-day rhythm of local life and tourism. It serves as a popular gathering spot for both locals and travelers alike, offering a unique window into Cusco’s cultural heritage.
The square is surrounded by historical colonial arcades, cafes, restaurants, souvenir shops, and impressive churches like the Cusco Cathedral and the Church of the Society of Jesus. Its well-maintained gardens, central fountain, and cobblestone paths create a picturesque and welcoming atmosphere.
Modern-day events, such as religious processions, folkloric parades, political demonstrations, and festivals, frequently take place here. The most famous is Inti Raymi, the Festival of the Sun, celebrated every June, where the plaza becomes a stage for reenactments of ancient Inca ceremonies.
Despite the modern influence, the essence of the Inca capital can still be felt in the plaza’s layout and in the stones that form its foundation. The underground Saphy River, which once divided the square in Inca times, continues to run beneath the plaza, hidden from view.
The Plaza de Armas of Cusco today is not just a historical landmark but also a lively social hub, reflecting the fusion of Andean and Spanish cultures, making it a must-visit destination for anyone exploring Cusco.
Climate
Cusco has a mild climate with two main seasons: a dry season from May to September and a rainy season from October to April. During the day, temperatures average between 12°C (54°F) and 20°C (68°F), but nights can get chilly, especially during the dry season.
Food and Drink
The Cusco Main Square is surrounded by a wide variety of eateries, ranging from traditional Peruvian restaurants to international cuisine. Many cafes and restaurants offer balconies overlooking the square, providing a great spot to enjoy a coffee or pisco sour while taking in the atmosphere.
Ambulant Sellers
The Cusco Main Square is not only a historical and cultural center but also a space where you’ll encounter many ambulant sellers, or street vendors. These vendors are a common sight and an essential part of the local economy, offering a variety of goods and services to both tourists and locals.
You will find sellers offering traditional crafts, handmade jewelry, alpaca wool products, and Inca-inspired souvenirs like textiles, paintings, and carvings. Others provide services such as shoeshines, guiding services, or Polaroid photos in traditional Andean attire.
While many of these vendors are friendly and respectful, they can be persistent, especially in busy tourist seasons. It’s common to be approached multiple times while walking through the square. Bargaining is also part of the local buying culture, so feel free to negotiate prices politely.
Although informal, these sellers give visitors a chance to support the local community directly and to experience the daily dynamics of Cusco’s city life.
Nightlife
When the sun sets, the Cusco Main Square transforms into a lively nightlife scene. Bars, lounges, and clubs open their doors to travelers and locals looking to enjoy music, dancing, and cocktails. From relaxed pubs to vibrant discos, there’s something for every taste.
Final Words
Cusco Main Square is more than just a square—it’s a historical and cultural symbol that has witnessed centuries of change. Whether you visit during the day or at night, the magic and energy of the plaza will captivate you.
FAQ
What is the original name of Cusco’s main square?
The original name is Huacaypata, meaning “the place of tears” in Quechua.
What significant event happened at the Cusco Main Square?
The execution of Tupac Amaru II, a key figure in the indigenous rebellion against the Spanish, occurred here in 1781.
Can I visit the Cusco Main Square at night?
Yes, the plaza is safe and vibrant at night, with many bars and restaurants open until late.
What churches can I visit at the Plaza de Armas?
You can visit the Cusco Cathedral and the Church of La Compañía de Jesús, both iconic colonial-era landmarks.
Is it common to find street vendors at the Plaza?
Yes, ambulant sellers are common and offer various local crafts and souvenirs.
I am Carlos, founder of Machu Picchu Soul, a local tour operator and travel agency based in Cusco, Peru. My journey in tourism began as a porter on the iconic Inca Trail, where I developed a deep connection with the land and its history. After years of dedication, I became a professional tour guide, honing my skills to deliver exceptional experiences. With over 15 years of expertise, I decided to establish Machu Picchu Soul to combine my passion for authentic travel with a commitment to supporting local communities and creating unforgettable adventures for our guests.
